What Is an IEP? A Real-World Guide for Parents

If your child has a disability and struggles in school, you’ve probably heard the term IEP thrown around. Maybe you’ve already sat in meetings, signed forms or felt overwhelmed by all the jargon. You’re not alone—and you’re not wrong for having questions. So let’s break it down in plain language.

IEP = Individualized Education Program

An IEP is a written plan that lays out exactly how your child’s school will support their learning needs. It’s designed for students who qualify for special education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a federal law that ensures students with disabilities get a free and appropriate public education (FAPE).

In short: An IEP is a roadmap tailored to help your child succeed in school—not just academically but socially, emotionally and behaviorally too.

What’s Actually in an IEP?

Here’s what you can expect to see in your child’s IEP:

1. Present Levels of Performance

This section describes where your child is now—academically, behaviorally, socially and emotionally. It should be based on data: test scores, teacher observations, progress reports and your own input as a parent.

Example: “Maria reads at a 4th-grade level and struggles with decoding multisyllabic words. She benefits from explicit phonics instruction and repeated reading practice.”

2. Annual Goals

These are measurable, specific goals your child will work toward over the next year. Goals should be realistic and tied to the areas where they need the most support.

Example: “By May, Jamal will improve his reading fluency from 60 to 100 words per minute with 95% accuracy using grade-level text.”

3. Special Education & Related Services

This covers what help your child will get, how often and where. Services might include:

• Resource room support
• Speech or occupational therapy
• Counseling or behavior support
• Small group instruction
• Assistive technology
  

4. Accommodations & Modifications

These are tools and strategies to help your child access learning and show what they know. They don’t change the standard—they level the playing field.

Examples:

Extended time on tests
Directions read aloud
Frequent breaks
Preferential seating
Chunking assignments

5. Progress Monitoring

This section outlines how and when the school will update you on your child’s progress toward their goals. These updates should come as often as report cards—or more.

6. Transition Plan (Age 14+)

If your child is 14 or older, the IEP will also include a transition plan—goals and services to help them prepare for life after high school. This can include career planning, college readiness, independent living skills and more.

Who’s On the IEP Team?

You are. And your voice matters.

The IEP team includes:

You (the parent or guardian)

General education teacher
Special education teacher or case manager
School psychologist or testing specialist
Administrator or district rep
Your child when appropriate—especially by middle and high school

Each team member plays a role but you know your child best. You’re the constant in their life while school staff may change year to year. Don’t be afraid to speak up, ask for changes or ask for clarity.

How Does the Process Work?

Here’s the typical IEP timeline in North Carolina (and similar in most states):

Referral for Evaluation

You, a teacher or another professional notices your child is struggling and refers them for an evaluation.
Evaluation & Eligibility
The school completes a full evaluation. If your child meets criteria under one of the 13 disability categories under IDEA, they’re found eligible for special education.
IEP Meeting & Development
Within 30 days of eligibility, the team (including you) meets to create the IEP.

Services Begin

Once you give consent, services outlined in the IEP begin.

Annual Review

The IEP is reviewed every year. You can request a meeting at any time if you feel something isn’t working.
Re-evaluation Every 3 Years
A full re-evaluation happens at least every three years (or sooner if needed).

Tips for Parents Navigating the IEP Process

Ask for everything in writing. Verbal agreements aren’t binding.
Read the IEP before signing. It’s okay to take time or ask for edits.
Know you can say no. You don’t have to agree with everything in the meeting.
Document everything. Keep notes, emails and copies of all reports.
Bring support. An advocate, family member or trusted friend can help you feel confident and supported.

Final Thoughts: It’s a Team Effort

An IEP doesn’t mean your child is “less than.” It means they deserve learning in a way that works for them. When done well, an IEP can change a child’s whole school experience. It can help them gain confidence, make friends, stay motivated and build a future that reflects their true potential.

You’re not alone in this. And your child doesn’t have to navigate school without a plan.

Need help reviewing your child’s IEP or preparing for a meeting? Reach out—we are here to support you every step of the way.